< PreviousPause and ReviewComplete the concept maps.Formulas & Equations© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4860Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Chemical formulasrepresentin a(n)orChemical reactionscan be expressed aswhich useto representandClClClHClHClClHHHHbonds breaknew bonds formCl2HClHClH2hydrogengaschlorinegashydrochloricacidCl22HClH2+formation of gascolor changeformation of precipitatetemperature change & light emissionwatercarbondioxideoxygensugar6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2oxygenglucosewaterlight energychlorophyllcarbon dioxideA++BABA+BABABCD+ABCDatomsatomsmoleculemoleculemoleculesnew substancesChemical Reactions© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4859Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Substances are either chemical elements or compounds. An original substance that is involved in a chemical reaction is called a reactant, while the substance(s) produced is called a product.reactantsproductsEvidence of Chemical ReactionsDuring a chemical reaction, atoms combine to form molecules, molecules break apart to form atoms, or molecules can react with other molecules to form new substances. Chemists look for specific evidence to determine if a chemical reaction has taken place. This evidence includes the formation of gas, color change, formation of a precipitate, change in temperature, or the emission of light. valence shell attractive forcesChemical Bonds A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that holds them together in a molecule. During a chemical reaction, the original bonds of the reactants are broken. Atoms are then rearranged and new bonds are formed between the atoms of the products. For example, when hydrogen and chlorine molecules are combined, the bonds that hold the chlorine and hydrogen atoms together break, and a new bond is formed between the chlorine and hydrogen atoms.The electron configuration of atoms plays an important role in how elements interact with each other. The ease with which an atom will form chemical bonds determines its ability to undergo chemical reactions. Determine which of the following are chemical reactions: dissolving salt, baking pizza, mixing baking soda and vinegar, shattering glass, an old car rusting. Explain your reasoning._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4859Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Pause and ReviewIdentify the evidence of chemical reactions. Chemical ReactionsEnergy PyramidOrganisms Need EnergyBecause organisms use food energy for movement, growth and daily activities, there is only a portion of energy available for the next organism in the food web.An energy pyramid is a way to show the different levels of stored energy within an ecosystem. As you move up the pyramid, less energy is available. An ecosystem can only support a limited number of trophic feeding levels. There are many more organisms at the producer and first-level consumer levels than at the higher levels of the energy pyramid. Approximately 10% of the energy from one level is transferred to the next higher level. In this example, the top-level consumer receives only a small amount of energy that originated in the producer level. energy for growthenergy for movementenergy for hunting© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4450Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Pause and ReviewAdd organisms to this energy pyramid. Draw or write the names of the organisms. Energy Pyramid© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4450Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Changes of Matter© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4858Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Physical Changes of MatterA physical change involves a change of state or form of a substance while its chemical properties remain the same. Examples of physical changes include crumpling a piece of paper, melting an ice cube, and breaking a glass bottle. Changes in physical properties do not produce new substances and are only concerned with energy and states of matter. solidliquidchange of formraw eggcooked eggpaperashpaperiron + oxygen rustwater & saltbaseacidChemical Changes of MatterOn the other hand, a chemical change takes place at the molecular level and occurs when one or more substances are changed into new substances with different properties. Examples of chemical changes include burning a piece of paper into ashes, cooking an egg, rusting of iron, and mixing an acid with a base to produce water and salt. Chemical ReactionsChemical reactions occur every day all around you, and even within you. Chemical reactions occur in plants during photosynthesis and in the engines of automobiles. A chemical reaction is a series of chemical changes in which one or more substances are converted to one or more different substances. digestion & respirationphotosynthesiscombustionchange of statePause and ReviewComplete the graphic organizer.Changes of MatterExamples of Physical ChangesExamples of Chemical ReactionsDraw a line to match each process with the correct type of change.PhysicalChemical© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4858Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Metals, Nonmetals & MetalloidsScientists find it useful to group elements with similar properties into classes. The classes of elements are metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. The elements within each class have similar physical properties such as appearance, density, and state of matter. They also have similar chemical properties such as the number of electrons in their outermost orbital, which determines an element’s reactivity, or how likely the element is to react with other elements.Chemical PropertiesAtoms of most metals have 1-3 electrons in the outer shell and easily lose valence electrons. Metals combine with other metals, and select nonmetals, to form a vast number of alloys that enhance the properties of metals in specific applications. Metals are often found combined with nonmetals as salts. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4196Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.MetalsThe largest class of elements in the periodic table is metals. Metals have some distinct properties. Due to their high melting points, most metals are solid at room temperature, with the exception of mercury which is a liquid. Most metals are malleable and ductile. Malleability is the ability of a metal to be hammered into shapes. Ductility is the ability of a metal to be stretched into wire. Metals are often shiny in appearance and are good conductors of heat and electricity.NonmetalsNonmetals make up another class of elements on the Periodic Table. Due to their low melting points, most nonmetals are gases at room temperature. Some nonmetals are solids and one element, bromine, is a liquid at room temperature. Unlike metals, nonmetals have low densities, are brittle, and do not conduct heat and electricity. Chemical PropertiesNonmetals do not conduct electricity because their atoms are not likely to give up or lose valence electrons. Nonmetals usually have 4-8 electrons in their outer orbital and most of them readily gain or share valence electrons. Nonmetals can form compounds with both metals and other nonmetals. Physical properties:low melting pointsbrilemost are gases at room temperaturelow densitiesdo not conduct heat and electricitybromineheliumSi14SiliconSb51 AntimonyMetalloidsThe smallest class of elements has properties of both metals and nonmetals. These elements are called metalloids. All metalloids are solids and can be shiny or dull in appearance. Some metalloids are malleable but some are brittle. Metalloids conduct heat and electricity, but not as well as metals. Semiconductors, made of such metalloids as silicon, can conduct electricity under certain conditions. Semiconductors are used to make electronic components like computer chips. Chemical PropertiesMetalloids have 3-7 electrons in their outer shell and can form bonds in similar ways as metals and nonmetals. They are also useful when combined with metals to form alloys. Pewter is an alloy that contains the metalloid antimony.Physical properties:shiny or dullmalleable or brilesolid at room temperatureconductors of heat and electricityChemical properties:3-7 valence electronsforms alloys with metalsvalence electronsgermaniumboroncomputerchipsProperties of Metals:shinymalleable & ductilehigh melting pointssolid at room temperature(except mercury)good conductors of heat and electricitymercurysilvergoldmalleableductileconductsheatconductselectricitygoldsilvermercuryductilemalleableconductselectricityconductsheat© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4196Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Pause and ReviewFill in the table below.Physical propertyClassChemical propertyMetalNonmetalMetalloidExampleCircle the best answer. Some may have more than one correct answer. 1) Which classes of elements are shiny? 2) Which class of elements contains sodium? 3) Which class of elements does not conduct electricity? 4) Which class has the largest number of elements? 5) Which class of elements is found in semiconductors? 6) Which classes of elements form salts? 7) Which class contains the element found in all living things? 8) Which class of elements can be formed into sheets and wires? 9) Which class of elements has 1-3 valence electrons? metalnonmetalmetalloidmetalnonmetalmetalloidmetalnonmetalmetalloidmetalnonmetalmetalloidmetalnonmetalmetalloidmetalnonmetalmetalloidmetalnonmetalmetalloidmetalnonmetalmetalloidmetalnonmetalmetalloidMetals, Nonmetals & MetalloidsMeasuring MatterInternational System of Units Scientists use the International System of Units, abbreviated SI units, for measuring matter. The SI unit for mass is a kilogram and for length is a meter. When measuring volume, the liter is the most commonly used unit. 506070809010040302010100 mLlength - meterPrexKiloOne thousand (103)HectoOne hundred (102)DecaTen (101)DeciOne-tenth (10-1)CentiOne-hundredth (10-2)MilliOne-thousandth (10-3)MicroOne-ten thousandth (10-4)Factor1 meter1 centimeterVolume Volume is the amount of space that matter occupies. The volume of liquids and gases are typically measured in liters and milliliters. Solids are often measured in cubic centimeters. DensityMatter can also be described by measuring its density. Density is the mass of an object in a given volume. To calculate density, divide an object’s mass by its volume. The unit for density is grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). To find the volume of an irregularly shaped object, such as a rock, scientists sometimes submerge the object in water to see how much water is displaced. The rise in the water level indicates the volume of the rock.25 cm4 cm45 cm25 cm x 4 cm x 45 cm = 4,500 cm3500.00 gmass = 500 gvolume = 200 cm3density = 2.5 g/cm31500.00 gdensity = 7.5 g/cm3mass = 1,500 gvolume = 200 cm3For example, a piece of aluminum with a mass of 500 g and volume of 200 cm3 has a density of 2.5 g/cm3. A piece of iron with the same volume has a mass of 1,500 g. Iron’s density is 7.5 g/cm3.© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4833Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Prefixes are used to indicate smaller or larger units. For example a centimeter is one- hundredth of the length of a meter. SI units enable scientists to measure matter and share data in a consistent and accurate way. Mass and WeightAn object’s mass refers to the amount of matter an object contains, while an object’s weight is the measure of the effect of gravity on its mass. The mass of a person is the same on the Moon and the Earth, but the person weighs less on the Moon than the Earth because the Moon exerts a smaller gravitational force than the Earth. length - metermass - kilogram1 meter1 centimetervolume - literdensity = mass volume600 Newtons100 NewtonsweightMoonEarthgravitational pull 6x strongerNext >